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  Schema for chainOrnAna1
  Database: bosTau4    Primary Table: chainOrnAna1    Row Count: 2,076,175
Format description: Summary info about a chain of alignments
fieldexampleSQL type description
bin 585smallint unsigned Indexing field to speed chromosome range queries.
score 23691double score of chain
tName chr1varchar(255) Target sequence name
tSize 161106243int unsigned Target sequence size
tStart 12635int unsigned Alignment start position in target
tEnd 13357int unsigned Alignment end position in target
qName chr2varchar(255) Query sequence name
qSize 54797317int unsigned Query sequence size
qStrand -char(1) Query strand
qStart 3934855int unsigned Alignment start position in query
qEnd 3935598int unsigned Alignment end position in query
id 281499int unsigned chain id

  Connected Tables and Joining Fields
        bosTau4.chainOrnAna1Link.chainId (via chainOrnAna1.id)
      bosTau4.netOrnAna1.chainId (via chainOrnAna1.id)

  Sample Rows
 
binscoretNametSizetStarttEndqNameqSizeqStrandqStartqEndid
58523691chr11611062431263513357chr254797317-39348553935598281499
58532705chr11611062432525738383Contig1578011833-51896818122373
58522799chr11611062432636827824Contig665172332+8092330312097
585101226chr11611062432636853501Ultra1631587491+112542911846548820
58526427chr11611062432667928178Contig662123808-1102612537212812
585108804chr11611062432668283050Ultra1631587491+96206010593327678
58525113chr11611062432682428239Contig497141898-2911230540241909
58523513chr11611062432691228204Contig1900310045+81989464287218
58550056chr11611062432692253351Contig145755698-1523086154404239052
585144650chr11611062432692887444Ultra1631587491+91503210453364590

Note: all start coordinates in our database are 0-based, not 1-based. See explanation here.


  Platypus Chain (chainOrnAna1) Track Description
 

Description

This track shows alignments of platypus (ornAna1, Mar. 2007) to the cow genome using a gap scoring system that allows longer gaps than traditional affine gap scoring systems. It can also tolerate gaps in both platypus and cow simultaneously. These "double-sided" gaps can be caused by local inversions and overlapping deletions in both species.

The chain track displays boxes joined together by either single or double lines. The boxes represent aligning regions. Single lines indicate gaps that are largely due to a deletion in the platypus assembly or an insertion in the cow assembly. Double lines represent more complex gaps that involve substantial sequence in both species. This may result from inversions, overlapping deletions, an abundance of local mutation, or an unsequenced gap in one species. In cases where multiple chains align over a particular region of the cow genome, the chains with single-lined gaps are often due to processed pseudogenes, while chains with double-lined gaps are more often due to paralogs and unprocessed pseudogenes.

In the "pack" and "full" display modes, the individual feature names indicate the chromosome, strand, and location (in thousands) of the match for each matching alignment.

Display Conventions and Configuration

By default, the chains to chromosome-based assemblies are colored based on which chromosome they map to in the aligning organism. To turn off the coloring, check the "off" button next to: Color track based on chromosome.

To display only the chains of one chromosome in the aligning organism, enter the name of that chromosome (e.g. chr4) in box next to: Filter by chromosome.

Methods

Transposons that have been inserted since the platypus/cow split were removed from the assemblies. The abbreviated genomes were aligned with blastz, and the transposons were then added back in. The resulting alignments were converted into psl format using the lavToPsl program. The psl alignments were fed into axtChain, which organizes all alignments between a single platypus chromosome and a single cow chromosome into a group and creates a kd-tree out of the gapless subsections (blocks) of the alignments. A dynamic program was then run over the kd-trees to find the maximally scoring chains of these blocks. The following matrix was used:

ACGT
A91-90-25-100
C-90100-100-25
G-25-100100-90
T-100-25-9091

Chains scoring below a threshold were discarded; the remaining chains are displayed in this track.

Credits

Blastz was developed at Pennsylvania State University by Minmei Hou, Scott Schwartz, Zheng Zhang, and Webb Miller with advice from Ross Hardison.

Lineage-specific repeats were identified by Arian Smit and his RepeatMasker program.

The axtChain program was developed at the University of California at Santa Cruz by Jim Kent with advice from Webb Miller and David Haussler.

The browser display and database storage of the chains were generated by Robert Baertsch and Jim Kent.

References

Chiaromonte, F., Yap, V.B., Miller, W. Scoring pairwise genomic sequence alignments. Pac Symp Biocomput 2002, 115-26 (2002).

Kent, W.J., Baertsch, R., Hinrichs, A., Miller, W., and Haussler, D. Evolution's cauldron: Duplication, deletion, and rearrangement in the mouse and human genomes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100(20), 11484-11489 (2003).

Schwartz, S., Kent, W.J., Smit, A., Zhang, Z., Baertsch, R., Hardison, R., Haussler, D., and Miller, W. Human-Mouse Alignments with BLASTZ. Genome Res. 13(1), 103-7 (2003).